GMAT邏輯推理錯(cuò)誤解析
下面是小編整理的GMAT邏輯推理錯(cuò)誤解析，針對(duì)各種相關(guān)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析并且給出建議，提供給大家參考。
評(píng)價(jià)題隱含條件The United States is not usually thought of as a nation of parakeet lovers. Yet in a census of parakeet owners in selected comparable countries, the United States ranked second, with eleven parakeet owners per hundred people. The conclusion can be drawn from this that people in the United States are more likely to own parakeets than are people in most other countries.
Knowledge of which of the following would be most useful in judging the accuracy of the conclusion?
(A) The number of parakeets in the United States.
(B) The number of parakeet owners in the United States
(C) The number of parakeet owners per hundred people in the country that ranked first in the census
(D) The number of parakeet owners in the United States compared to the numbers of owners of other pet birds in the United States
(E) The number of parakeet owners per hundred people in the countries not included in the census.
明確題意以后，我們首先需要明確那里是本題的結(jié)論與前提，本題結(jié)論的前提為“美國(guó)每一百人中擁有長(zhǎng)尾鸚鵡的人數(shù)在進(jìn)行比較的國(guó)家中處于第二位，結(jié)論為：相比較而言，美國(guó)人更加喜歡飼養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)尾鸚鵡。在由前提向結(jié)論的推理過(guò)程中，考生往往會(huì)忽略一點(diǎn)，即結(jié)論中的most other countries除包括“selected comparable countries”還應(yīng)包括那些沒(méi)有進(jìn)行比較的國(guó)家，因此我們?cè)谂袛嘟Y(jié)論是否正確以前，還必須知道那些沒(méi)有參與過(guò)此調(diào)查的國(guó)家的狀況是怎樣的。所以E為正確選項(xiàng)。
總結(jié)本題，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生往往由于沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確理解題意，導(dǎo)致了推理方向出現(xiàn)偏差，在推理推斷的過(guò)程中，不僅僅要求考生只是簡(jiǎn)單的讀懂文章而已，更重要的是應(yīng)能橫向與縱向?qū)壿嬵}所隱含的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析性思維，也只有通過(guò)不斷練習(xí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題并解決問(wèn)題，我們才能找適合自己的解題思路。
找不出因果 無(wú)因就無(wú)果
在假設(shè)題型里，如果想要找出段落推理的一個(gè)必要條件，那么我們首先就應(yīng)明確，這個(gè)必要條件就是使得推理必然成立的一個(gè)假設(shè)，假設(shè)必為支持性假設(shè)。
例：
The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950’s and 1960’s and reached an all-time low in the early 1970’s. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas
Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the scientists’ claim?
(A) DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry
(B) In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972, the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing
(C) Peregrine falcons, like other birds of prey, abandon eggs that have fallen out of the nest, even if the eggs remain intact
(D) Starlings, house sparrows, and blue jays-birds the peregrine falcon preys on were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats
(E) Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald eagle, and the brown pelican, are found in the same areas as is the peregrine falcon.
題干是由果推因，游隼數(shù)量下降由使用殺蟲(chóng)劑(DDT)所致，我們不妨將“游隼數(shù)量下降”視為B, 而將“使用DDT”視為A, 如果由B→A正確,那么我們就可以得出沒(méi)有A就不會(huì)存在現(xiàn)在的B,因此我們就可以推斷兩種情況，DDT禁用前與DDT禁用后游隼在數(shù)量上的比較，如果在 DDT禁用后，游隼數(shù)量開(kāi)始增加的話，那么我們就會(huì)非常肯定的是確實(shí)是殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用導(dǎo)致了游隼數(shù)量的減少。這種類型的題目出錯(cuò)的主要原因有兩點(diǎn)：一：考生無(wú)法把握題干要求，在段落內(nèi)容之外進(jìn)行推理;二：無(wú)法將題干給出的原因視做唯一原因。
建議：
考生應(yīng)能在平時(shí)的不斷練習(xí)的過(guò)程中，學(xué)習(xí)找出論點(diǎn)和結(jié)論的能力，并依據(jù)兩者的關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷，只要弄清論點(diǎn)和結(jié)論也就相當(dāng)于找出了答案。在實(shí)踐練習(xí)中，考生也應(yīng)善于從題干所描述的對(duì)象中找出核心關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，一般來(lái)講，我們可以通過(guò)在選項(xiàng)中加入Not 來(lái)判斷推理成立的有效性并排除那些誤選項(xiàng)。找不出討論對(duì)象本質(zhì)關(guān)系 GMAT邏輯推理中的假設(shè)題型作為一類�？碱}型有著非常重要的意義，往往在考試時(shí)，考生卻不知道應(yīng)該如何有效找到可以使得整個(gè)推理成立的必要條件，或者考生往往出于使推理一定正確的心理，在各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中游走不定，最終導(dǎo)致考生無(wú)法清楚到底哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)才是“真正”的符合題干要求的推理?xiàng)l件。其實(shí)我們?cè)诮忸}的過(guò)程中把握一個(gè)宗旨，也許我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)假設(shè)題型并非我們想象的那樣難，這個(gè)宗旨就是：只需要找到一個(gè)能使得推理成立的條件或者說(shuō)是必要條件，我們不需要去保證通過(guò)這個(gè)條件推理一定做到正確。下面就讓我們通過(guò)實(shí)例對(duì)考生在假設(shè)推理的過(guò)程中容易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行解析。
無(wú)法找出題干中討論對(duì)象之間的本質(zhì)關(guān)系
例：A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe’s correspondence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe’s reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue.
Which of the following is assumed by the argument above?
(A) Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to morphine did not begin to circulate until after his death.
(B) None of the reports of Poe’s supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actually knew Poe.
(C) Poe’s income from writing would not have been sufficient to support a morphine addiction
(D) Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine
(E) Fear of the consequences would not have prevented Poe from indicating in his correspondence that he was addicted to morphine.
上述題干中提到：一、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Poe的信件中未提及他患有嗎啡癮;二、Poe沒(méi)有嗎啡癮
本題極力在讓考生從“對(duì)Poe的信件調(diào)查[證據(jù)]→Poe未患有嗎啡癮[結(jié)論]”找出兩者的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，5個(gè)選項(xiàng)中也給出了不同的假設(shè)，那么我們只需通過(guò)反推，來(lái)找出一種能夠使得推理成立的假設(shè)條件即可，但考生往往會(huì)拋開(kāi)“信件調(diào)查”去思考其他使得上述結(jié)論正確的條件(假設(shè))，換句話說(shuō)考生往往會(huì)認(rèn)為除了對(duì)信件的調(diào)查這樣一個(gè)證據(jù)以外，還可以有其他證據(jù)能夠推出Poe未患有嗎啡癮。通常來(lái)講，當(dāng)一個(gè)推理是從一個(gè)我們已知的，已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí)推斷出一個(gè)結(jié)論的時(shí)候，我們需要記住的就是，其中的隱含假設(shè)多為這個(gè)結(jié)論的唯一原因，換句話說(shuō)，在本題中要想對(duì)Poe的信件做出說(shuō)明，那么我們只能假定Poe不會(huì)因害怕后果而不在其信件中提及對(duì)嗎啡的嗜好，本題的正確假設(shè)選項(xiàng)為E.
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