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托福語(yǔ)法：過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法
在所有的英語(yǔ)考試中，無(wú)論托福，托福junior，SAT，SSAT，GRE，GMAT等，都有側(cè)重在語(yǔ)法方面的考察，其中動(dòng)詞是主要一項(xiàng)。以下是小編為大家搜索整理的托福過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式與用法，希望能給大家?guī)?lái)幫助! 更多精彩內(nèi)容請(qǐng)及時(shí)關(guān)注我們應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!
A 形式
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由 had been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，因此無(wú)人稱(chēng)變化：
I had/I’d been working
they had not/hadn’t been working
had you been working?
had you not/hadn’t you been working?
凡不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能有這種時(shí)態(tài)，但動(dòng)詞want(有時(shí)還有wish)除外：
The boy was delighted with his new knife.He had been wanting one fora long time.
男孩對(duì)新小刀很高興。他早就想要一把了。
注意：這一時(shí)態(tài)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，像They had been picking ap-ples(他們一直在摘蘋(píng)果)這樣的句子，最近似的被動(dòng)式是Ap-ples had been picked(蘋(píng)果已摘完)，實(shí)際上這兩種說(shuō)法意思并不相同。(參見(jiàn)下面B3。)
B 用法
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系，同現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之間的關(guān)系相同。(參見(jiàn)第192節(jié)。)
1 表示動(dòng)作在所說(shuō)的過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開(kāi)始并持續(xù)到那一時(shí)刻或者在那一時(shí)刻之前剛剛停止時(shí)，常�？梢杂脙蓚�(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中的任一個(gè)(參見(jiàn)第192節(jié)A)：
It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn.
已經(jīng)6點(diǎn)了，他感到很累，因?yàn)樗麖奶炝疗鹨恢惫ぷ鞯浆F(xiàn)在。相當(dāng)于：
It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.
那時(shí)正是6點(diǎn)，他因從一大早就干活而累了。
2 用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可以作為一種連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示(參見(jiàn)第192節(jié)B)：
he had tried five times to get her on the phone.
他曾試著打了五次電話要找她。
He had been trying to get her on the phone.
他一直在試著打電話找她。
3 一個(gè)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的單一動(dòng)作和一個(gè)用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作不同(參見(jiàn)第192節(jié)C)：
By six o’clock he had repaired the engine.
到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他已經(jīng)修好發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)了。(這項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)完成。)
但He had been repairing the engine(他一直在修理發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))僅告訴我們他在前面的時(shí)間/前半小時(shí)里做什么，而并不告訴我們這項(xiàng)工作是否完成。
另一個(gè)區(qū)別是，由過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作常持續(xù)進(jìn)行直到或甚至超過(guò)說(shuō)話的時(shí)間(這個(gè)時(shí)間是在過(guò)去)。而由過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作雖可以發(fā)生在這一說(shuō)話時(shí)間之前不久，但動(dòng)作與說(shuō)話之間可以有較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間間隔：
He had been painting the door.
他當(dāng)時(shí)一直在油漆門(mén)。(油漆大概還未干。)
He had painted the door.
【相關(guān)閱讀】
托福過(guò)去完成時(shí)在間接引語(yǔ)中的用法
A 引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞如果是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在間接引語(yǔ)中要變成過(guò)去完成時(shí)：
He said，‘I’ve been in England for ten years.’
他說(shuō)：“我已經(jīng)在英國(guó)住了十年了。”相當(dāng)于：
He said that he had been in England for ten years.
他說(shuō)他在英國(guó)已經(jīng)住了十年。
He said，‘When you’ve worked for a year you’ll get a rise.’
他說(shuō)：“你工作一年之后，會(huì)加工資。”相當(dāng)于：
He said that when I’d worked for a year I’d get a rise.
他說(shuō)我工作一年之后會(huì)加工資。
She said，‘I’ll lend you the book as soon as I have read it myself.’
她說(shuō)：“我一看完這本書(shū)就借給你。”相當(dāng)于：
She said she’d lend me the book as soon as she’d read it herself.
她說(shuō)她一看完那本書(shū)就借給我。
B 直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常也作同樣的變化：
He said，‘I knew her well.’
他說(shuō)：“我過(guò)去很了解她。”相當(dāng)于：
He said that he had known her well.
他說(shuō)他過(guò)去很了解她。
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