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2018考研英語閱讀理解預(yù)測文章
面對2018年的考研，不少考生已經(jīng)開始備考了，其中考研英語是考生的備考重點(diǎn)之一。下面是應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)小編為大家整理的一篇2018考研英語閱讀理解預(yù)測文章，希望對大家有所幫助。
After a nuclear disaster like the one in Fukushima, Japan, in 2011, first responders need to quickly measure radiation exposure en masse and decide who requires urgent treatment. Existing tests are fast and accurate—but they rely on sophisticated laboratories, expensive machinery and meticulous work, says Dipanjan Chowdhury, a radiation oncologist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. “We don’t have copious amounts of radiation drugs available” in such a situation, he adds. “So how do we decide who gets them?”
核災(zāi)難發(fā)生以后，比如2011年的日本福島發(fā)生核泄漏事故，急救人員需要快速地測量周邊人員的輻射劑量進(jìn)而確認(rèn)誰需要進(jìn)行緊急治療。達(dá)納法伯癌癥中心放射腫瘤學(xué)家Dipanjan Chowdhury介紹說雖然現(xiàn)有的測試手段快速而準(zhǔn)確，但其測試往往是基于高精尖端的實(shí)驗(yàn)室、昂貴的設(shè)備以及細(xì)致的工作。“并且在這種情況下，我們并沒有足夠的治療輻射的藥物，那么我們該如何決定把有限的藥物給誰服用呢?”，他補(bǔ)充說道。
To address this question, Chowdhury and his colleagues are developing a simple assay that responders could deploy in the field with limited expertise or equipment. The test, described in March in Science Translational Medicine, detects levels of molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs) in blood and other bodily fluids. The same researchers had previously identified certain miRNAs whose levels rise or fall in mice exposed to radiation.
為了解決這個問題，喬杜里和他的同事們正在開發(fā)一種簡單的分析方法，該方法可以讓急救人員在有限的專業(yè)水平或者設(shè)備等級進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的部署測試。在三月份的《Science Translational Medicine》期刊上介紹了該方法，該方法通過檢測血液和其他體液中微小RNA分子(miRNAs)的含量進(jìn)而進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的評價。同一領(lǐng)域的研究人員先前也在小鼠的身上發(fā)現(xiàn)并證實(shí)了在輻照下其體內(nèi)的miRNAs含量出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的上升或下降現(xiàn)象。
Chowdhury’s team members found that this radiation signature also exists in monkeys (which are the best lab proxies for humans). Their study identifies seven miRNAs that fluctuate in both mice and macaques exposed to radiation. The monkeys were given lethal doses of 5.8, 6.5 or 7.2 grays of whole-body radiation, similar to levels inhaled by Fukushima workers (all the animals received “lethal” doses, but only some resulted in death). Together three of these miRNAs—miR-133b, miR-215 and miR-375—can indicate with 100 percent accuracy whether a macaque has encountered radiation, and two—miR-30a and miR-126—can predict whether the exposure will be fatal. The signature appears within 24 hours of exposure and can be measured using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common technique. “Based on the ingredients and the complexity, the miRNA test should be significantly cheaper than any existing test,” Chowdhury says.
喬杜里的團(tuán)隊成員發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種輻射特征也存在于猴子身上(人類最好的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)對象)。他們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)并確定在老鼠和獼猴身上存在7種受輻射波動的miRNAs。實(shí)驗(yàn)人員對猴子分別進(jìn)行了致死的5.8、6.5、7.5的全身輻射劑量，該劑量等同于當(dāng)時福島工作人員的輻射劑量(事實(shí)上當(dāng)時所有的動物均受到了“致死”的輻射劑量，但僅部分死亡)。在這些miRNAS中，miR-133b, miR-215和miR-375三者可100%的準(zhǔn)確檢測出獼猴是否受到了輻射，miR-30a和miR-126可預(yù)測輻射是否致命。這些信號在受到輻射后24h就會顯現(xiàn)出來并可以通過聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR，一種常規(guī)的技術(shù))來測量。喬杜里說：“基于現(xiàn)有手段的測試成分和試驗(yàn)復(fù)雜程度度，miRNA測試應(yīng)該比現(xiàn)有的任何測試手段便宜得多。”
The findings in nonhuman primates are encouraging, says Nicholas Dainiak, director of the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, who was not involved in the study. Dainiak is skeptical, however, that the test will outperform the gold standard metric for radiation exposure: the dicentric chromosome assay (DCA), which requires technical expertise and carefully calibrated equipment. “Every time a new test comes along, and you compare it with the DCA, it typically fails,” Dainiak says.
“在非人類的靈長類動物領(lǐng)域，該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)是令人鼓舞的”，橡樹嶺科學(xué)與教育研究所輻射的急救援助中心/培訓(xùn)基地主任Nicholas Dainiak這樣說道，他并沒有參與這項研究。然而，對于該種測試方法能否優(yōu)于輻射測試的黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量，也即需要較高技術(shù)水平及精心校準(zhǔn)設(shè)備的雙著絲粒染色體分析(DCA)技術(shù)，Dainiak仍然持懷疑態(tài)度。“每一種新測試方法的出現(xiàn)，都會與DCA方法進(jìn)行比較，但往往結(jié)果失敗，”Dainiak說。
Chowdhury has held informal talks with companies that are interested in creating a rapid diagnostic kit for radiation. “When we did this in mice, people said, ’We’ve seen a lot of stuff in mice that never pans out in primates,’” Chowdhury says. “Well, this seems to be panning out in primates.”
喬杜里與有意創(chuàng)建輻射快速診斷試劑的公司進(jìn)行了非正式的會談。喬杜里說，“當(dāng)我們在老鼠身上做試驗(yàn)時，人們說我們在老鼠身上得到的大部分資料根本就不會在靈長類動物身上應(yīng)驗(yàn)’”。“好吧，但這次的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果似乎在靈長類動物中也得到了證實(shí)。”
附：考研英語閱讀有什么技巧嗎?
1、每一個問題，在原文中，都要有一個定位。然后精讀，找出那個中心句或者關(guān)鍵詞。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，閱讀理解考的就是這個“中心句”。
2、選項中的幾個單詞，是該段中不同句子里的單詞拼湊的，有時看上去很舒服，注意，干擾項。還有從不同的段落里的詞拼湊到一起的，直接排除。總之，選項的單詞是拼湊的，肯定錯。
3、一定要注意文章中句子的賓語部分，尤其是長難句中主干的賓語。上面說了，考研英語大都是長難句里設(shè)題。你要知道的是，長難句里，最可能是出題的就是句子的主干部分!主干的主語、賓語是什么，一定要知道。正確選項的題眼往往就在這兒。當(dāng)然，還有一些起修飾、限定作用的詞，一定要看仔細(xì)。小心陷阱。
4、若某個問題，是特別長的一個句子，一定要看清問的是什么，別打馬虎眼。這是做題時需要留意的地方。
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